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Contents

Crime Scene Investigation:
Protecting, Processing and Reconstructing the Scene

Fingerprint Evidence:
Processing Techniques and Historical Information

Physical Evidence:
Forensic Science and Criminalistics.

Demonstrative Evidence:
Photographs and Drawings.

Digital Evidence:
Computers, Computer Crime and Digital Imaging.

Testimonial Evidence:
Witness Statements, Interviews and Confessions.

Behavioral Evidence:
Criminal Profiling and Psychology.

Death Investigation:
Pathology, Anthropology, Entomology.

Unsolved/Missing/Wanted:
Sites Devoted to Unsolved Crimes, Missing and Wanted Persons.

Afterwards:
Expert Witness Testimony, Ethics and Editorial Commentary.

Training Calendar
Crime and Clues list of upcoming training courses

A Bibliography of Shooting Reconstruction

  1. Bell, W.P., "A Proposed Definition of Homicide Reconstruction," California Department of Justice Firearm/Toolmark Training Syllabus, reprinted Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2, April 1991, pp. 740-744.

  2. Bergman, P. and Springer, E., "Bullet Hole Identification Kit: Case Report," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 3, May 1987, pp. 802-805.

  3. Bevel, T., "Crime Scene Reconstruction," Journal of Forensic Identification, Vol. 41, No. 4, 1991, pp. 248-254.

  4. Birkoff, G.  "Ricochet off Land Surfaces," Ballistic Research Laboratory Report 535, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Mar. 21, 1945.

  5. Boehm, A.P., "Bullet Holes/Shotgun Patterns in Metal Screens," AFTE Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2, July 1977, pp. 181-187.

  6. Breitenecker, R. and Senior, W., "Shotgun Patterns; an experimental study on the influence of intermediate targets," Journal of Forensic Science, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1967, pp. 193-204.

  7. Burke, T.W. and Rowe, W.F., "Bullet Ricochet: A Comprehensive Review," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 5, Sept. 1992, pp. 1254-1260.

  8. Carr, J.C., "An Alternative Device for Distance Measurement in Range Determination Tests," AFTE Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 76-78.

  9. Carter, R.D., "A Case Solved Through Teamwork," AFTE Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, April 1983, pp. 62-63.

  10. Cashman, P.J., "Projectile Entry Angle Determination," Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan. 1986, pp. 86-91.

  11. Chisum, W.J., "Crime Scene Reconstruction," California Department of Justice Firearm/Toolmark Training Syllabus, reprinted AFTE Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2, April 1991, pp. 745-751.

  12. Cook, C.W., "Ballistics and the Firearms Examiner," AFTE Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 1978, pp. 49-51.

  13. Cook, C.W., "Bullet Hole Size Information," AFTE Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, Oct. 1983, pp. 53- 55.

  14. Courtney, M. and Hueske, E., "The Use of Hand-held Laser Pointers in the Reconstruction of Events at Crime Scenes," AFTE Journal, Vol. 26, No. 3, July 1994, pp. 170-172.

  15. Fackler, M.L., Woychesin, S.D., Malinowski, J.A., Dougherty, P.J. and Loveday, T.L., "Determination of Shooting Distance from Deformation of the Recovered Bullet," Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 32, No. 4, July 1987, pp. 1131-1135.

  16. Fricke, C.W. and Payton, G.T., Criminal Investigation and the Law, 7th ed., Legal Books: Los Angeles, 1974.

  17. Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Bouncing Bullets," FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Vol. 38, Oct. 1969, pp. 1-9.

  18. Finstad, S., Ulterior Motives, the killing and dark legacy of tycoon Henry Kyle, William Morrow: NY, 1987.

  19. Fisher, B.A., Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, 5th ed., CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1993.

  20. Fletcher, G.P., A Crime of Self-Defense, Macmillan: NY, 1988.

  21. French, M.L., "Impact Angle Determination through Plastic Windows," AFTE Journal, Vol. 29, No. 1, Winter 1997, pp. 73-79.

  22. French, M.L., "Scene Reconstruction using a Ballistic Alignment Laser," AFTE Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3, Summer 1997, pp. 372-374.

  23. Garrison, D.H., "Cooperation in Crime Scene Investigations," Law & Order, Vol. 46, No. 9, Sept. 1998, pp. 95-97.

  24. Garrison, D.H., "Crown & Bank: Road Structure as it Affects Bullet Path Angles in Vehicle Shootings," AFTE Journal, Vol 30, No. 1, Winter 1998, pp. 89-93.

  25. Garrison, D.H., "The Effective Use of Bullet Hole Probes in Crime Scene Reconstruction," AFTE Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 57-63.

  26. Garrison, D.H., "Examining Auto Body Penetration in the Reconstruction of Vehicle Shootings," AFTE Journal, Vol. 27, No. 3, July 1995, pp. 209-212.

  27. Garrison, D.H., "Field Recording and Reconstruction of Angled Shot Pellet Patterns," AFTE Journal, Vol. 27, No. 3, July 1995, pp. 204-208.

  28. Garrison, D.H., "Getting the Big Picture at Outdoor Shooting Scenes," Law Enforcement Technology, Vol. 25, No.  3, March 1998, pp. 32-33.

  29. Garrison, D.H., "Intent Behind the Bullet," AFTE Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4, Oct. 1993, pp. 294- 296.

  30. Garrison, D.H., "Little Gunmen: Shooting Reconstruction Miniatures," AFTE Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 1991, pp. 836-848.

  31. Garrison, D.H., "Reconstructing Bullet Paths with Unfixed Intermediate Targets," AFTE Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan. 1995, pp. 45-48.

  32. Garrison, D.H., "Reconstructing Drive-by Shootings from Ejected Cartridge Case Location," AFTE Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1, Jan. 1993, pp. 15-20.

  33. Garrison, D.H., "Shooting Reconstruction vs Shooting Reenactment," AFTE Journal, Vol. 25, No. 2, April 1993, pp. 125-127.

  34. Garrison, D.H., "Shot Glass," Midwestern Association of Forensic Scientists Newsletter, Vol. 27, No. 2, April 1998, pp. 15-21.

  35. Geberth, V., Practical Homicide Investigation, Elsevier: NY, 1983.

  36. Gieszl, R., "Stabilization of Glass Fractures," AFTE Journal, Vol. 22, No. 4, Oct. 1990, p. 440.

  37. Gold, R.E. and Schecter, B., "Ricochet Dynamics for the Nine-Millimetre Parabellum Bullet," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 90-98.

  38. Government Printing Office, Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Washington, D.C., 1964.

  39. Haag, L.C., "Bullet Impact Spalls in Frangible Surfaces," AFTE Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4, Oct. 1980, pp. 71-74.

  40. Haag, L.C., "Bullet Penetration and Perforation of Sheet Metal," AFTE Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4, Fall 1997, pp. 431-441.

  41. Haag, L.C., "Bullet Ricochet: An Imperical [sic] Study and a Device for Measuring Ricochet Angle," AFTE Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3, Dec. 1975, pp. 44-51.

  42. Haag, L.C., "Bullet Ricochet from Water," AFTE Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, July 1979, pp. 27-34.

  43. Haag, L.C., "The Construction of an Inexpensive Portable Laser for Use in Shooting Reconstructions," AFTE Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2, April 1987, pp. 175-177.

  44. Haag, L.C., "The Forensic Use of Exterior Ballistic Calculation," AFTE Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1979, pp. 13-19.

  45. Haag, L.C., "An Inexpensive Method to Assess Bullet Stability in Flight," AFTE Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 1991, pp. 831-835.

  46. Haag, L.C., "The Measurement of Bullet Deflection by Intervening Objects and the Study of Bullet Behavior After Impact," AFTE Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4, Oct. 1987, pp. 382-387.

  47. Haag, L.C., "A New Tool in Studying Selected Exterior and Terminal Ballistic Events of Forensic Interest," AFTE Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 32-40.

  48. Haag, L.C. and Kokanovich, J., "A Shot in the Dark: A Procedure for the Photographic Documentation of Firearms' Muzzle Flash," AFTE Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4, Oct. 1991, pp. 910- 918.

  49. Hartline, P., Abraham, G. and Rowe, W.F., "A Study of Shotgun Ricochet from Steel Surfaces," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 3, July 1982, pp. 506-512.

  50. Hueske, E.E., "Calculation of Trajectory Angles Using an Inexpensive Angle Gauge," AFTE Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3, July 1993, pp. 231-233.

  51. Jauhari, M., "Approximate Relationship Between the Angles of Incident and Ricochet for Practical Application in the Field of Forensic Science," Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, Vol. 62, 1970, pp. 122-125.

  52. Jordan, G.E., Bratton, D.D., Donahue, H.C.H. and Rowe, W.F., "Bullet Ricochet from Gypsum Wallboard," Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 33, No. 6, Nov. 1988, pp. 1477-1482.

  53. Laskowski, G.E., "Use of the LaserMaxTM Gunsight as a Ballistics Alignment Tool," AFTE Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3, Summer 1997, pp. 369-371.

  54. Lattig, K.N., "The Determination of the Angle of Intersection of a Shot Pellet Charge with a Flat Surface," AFTE Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, July 1982, pp. 13-17.

  55. Lee, H.C., Crime Scene Investigation, Central Police University Press: Taiwan, 1994.

  56. Lindman, D.A. and Papke, R.E., "Range Determination by a Different Method," AFTE Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 1991, pp. 856-857.

  57. MacDonell, H.L., "Ballistics--a case example of deductive reasoning from unusual physical facts," Law Enforcement Science and Technology II, Vol. 2, (S.I. Cohn, editor), IIT Research Institute, 1968, pp. 365-371.

  58. MacDonell, H.L. and Lewis, A.A., The Evidence Never Lies, Holt, Rinehart: NY, 1984.

  59. Maxey, R.R., "Fracture Analysis of Tempered Glass," AFTE Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, April 1983, pp. 114-116.

  60. McConnell, M.P., Triplett, G.M. and Rowe, W.F., "A Study of Shotgun Pellet Ricochet," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 4, Oct. 1981, pp. 699-709.

  61. McCumber, D., X-Rated: the Mitchell brothers: a true story of sex, money, and death, Simon & Schuster: NY, 1992.

  62. Mitosinka, G., "Technique for Determining and Illustrating the Trajectory of Bullets," Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol. 11, 1971, pp. 55-61.

  63. Molnar, S. Jr., "Use of Scale Drawings to Establish Facts in Shooting Cases," AFTE Newsletter, No. 6, Feb. 1970, p. 25.

  64. Molnar, S. Jr., "What is a Firearms Examiner: Some Provocative Thoughts," AFTE Newsletter, No. 8, June 1970, p. 36.

  65. Nennstiel, R., "Accuracy in Determining Long-Range Firing Position of Gunmen," AFTE Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan. 1985, pp. 47-54.

  66. Nennstiel, R., "Determination of the Line of Sight Angle through Firing Experiments," AFTE Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4, Oct. 1991, pp. 919-924.

  67. Nennstiel, R., "Forensic Aspects of Bullet Penetration of Thin Metal Sheets," AFTE Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2, April 1986, pp. 18-48.

  68. Nennstiel, R., "Study of Bullet Ricochet on a Water Surface," AFTE Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3, July 1984, pp. 88-93.

  69. Nicolosi, F.M., "Ballistics Alignment Laser," AFTE Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 65- 68.

  70. O'Brien, M.W., "Scale Model Use in Criminal Trials," Journal of Forensic Identification, Vol. 39, No. 6, 1989, pp. 359-366.

  71. Omilion, P.M., "The Effects of Window Glass on Shotgun Pellets Patterns," AFTE Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4, Oct. 1979, pp. 54-57.

  72. Osterburg, J. and Ward, R., Criminal Investigation, a method for reconstructing the past, Anderson: Cincinnati, 1992.

  73. Patty, J., McJunkins, S. and Murdock, J., "Associating Recovered Bullets with Ricochet Sites," AFTE Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 1975, pp. 28-32.

  74. Petraco, N. and DeForest, P.R., "Trajectory Reconstructions I: Trace Evidence in Flight," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 6, Nov. 1990, pp. 1284-1296.

  75. Prendergast, J.M., "Determination of Bullet Impact Position from the Examination of Fractured Automobile Glass," AFTE Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2, April 1994, pp. 107-118.

  76. Rathman, G.A., "Bullet Impact Damage and Trajectory Through Auto Glass, AFTE Journal, Vol. 25, No. 2, April 1993, pp. 79-86.

  77. Rathman, G.A., "Bullet Ricochet and Associated Phenomena," AFTE Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4, Oct. 1987, pp. 374-381.

  78. Rathman, G.A., "The Effects of Material Hardness on the Appearance of Bullet Impact Damage," AFTE Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3, July 1988, pp. 300-305.

  79. Roberts, J. and Hamby, J., "Reconstruction of a Shooting to Prove/Disprove Trajectory," AFTE Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2, April 1985, pp. 53-55.

  80. Rynearson, J.M. and Chisum, W.J., Evidence and Crime Scene Reconstruction, 3rd ed., National Crime Investigation & Training: Redding, CA, 1993.

  81. Schiefke, R.W., "Penetration of Exterior House Walls by Modern Police Ammunition," AFTE Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3, Summer 1997, pp. 346-356.

  82. Sharma, B.R., Firearms in Criminal Investigation and Trials, N.M. Tripathi Private Limited: Bombay, 1976.

  83. Silliman, J.R., "Crime Scene Search: Evidence at the Scene of a Shotgun Shooting," AFTE Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2, July 1977, pp. 111-118.

  84. Smith, L.L., "Bullet Holes in Glass," reprinted AFTE Newsletter, No. 10, Oct. 1970, pp. 14-15.

  85. Stone, R.S., "Calculation of Trajectory Angles Using a Line Level," AFTE Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1, Jan. 1993, pp. 21-24.

  86. Stowers, C., Innocence Lost, Pocket Books: New York, 1990.

  87. Thornton, J.I. and Cashman, P.J., "The Effect of Tempered Glass on Bullet Trajectory," Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 31, No. 2, April 1986, pp. 743-746.

  88. Thornton, J.I. and Cashman, P.J., "Glass Fracture Mechanism--A Rethinking," Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 31, No. 3, July 1986, pp. 818-824.

  89. Thornton, J. and Guarino, K., "Polyethylene Shotshell Buffer and the Determination of Trajectory," AFTE Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3, July 1984, pp. 132-133.

  90. Trahin, T.L., "Bullet Trajectory Analysis," AFTE Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2, April 1987, pp. 124- 150.

  91. Trilling, D., Mrs. Harris: the death of the Scarsdale diet doctor, Harcourt: New York, 1981.

  92. Wallace, J.S., "Bullet Strike Flash," AFTE Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3, July 1988, pp. 294-295.

  93. Warren, G., "Simple Measurement of Angles of Elevation," AFTE Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 1991, p. 869.

  94. Zeldes, I., "Laser Beam: a New Tool for the Firearms Examiner," AFTE Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4, Oct. 1981. p. 21-24.

This is not meant to be an exhaustive book list.  There are certainly several articles addressing shooting reconstruction through the analysis of gunshot wounds at autopsy and other books and articles concerning reconstruction from gunshot bloodspatter, but these are better researched under such headings as medicolegal jurisprudence, forensic medicine, wound ballistics, or bloodstain analysis.  If nothing else, I trust this list will be a starting point for persons interested in the discipline of shooting reconstruction.

RESOURCES

Your local library may not have the resources to find or even begin searching for certain of these titles.  You will find that a large public library or a university library system is much more likely to know where and how to look for the reprints you need.  Armed with the specific title information here, the reference desk personnel should be able to find a source through Interlibrary Loan, using the On-Line Computer Library Center (OCLC).

I would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance of several very helpful librarians, including Colleen Wade, Yvette Trozzi, and Lynetta White of the Forensic Science Information Resource System, FBI Headquarters, Washington, D.C.; Sandy Coupe of the FBI Academy Library, Quantico, Virginia; Cheryl Garrison of the Kent District Library, Walker, Michigan; and the late Elaine Nienhouse of the Ferris State University Library, Big Rapids, Michigan.

Suggested keywords: ballistics, bullet defect, bullet hole, crime scene, crime scene reconstruction, criminal investigation, criminalistics, deflection, expert testimony, expert witness, exterior ballistics, firearms examination, firearms expert, firearms identification, forensic ballistics, forensic science, gunshot, homicide investigation, murder, ricochet, shooting incident reconstruction, shooting investigation, shooting reconstruction, terminal ballistics, trajectory, vehicle shooting.

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